Frank's VFR Private Pilot Checkride with the FAA Examiner

Well, here we go again. It's June 6th, 1996, and I have just passed the checkride for my Private Pilot Certificate (Single Engine, Land). And I figured I would jot some thoughts down. Again, these are more for me, to sort out things, but feel free to share the experience.

The following is an outline of the flight exam. So you know what you're getting into first. The text follows immediately after.

  1. The Preparation

    1. Two Days Before

    2. The Night Before

  2. The Start of the Day

  3. Meet the Examiner

  4. The Ground rules or "Fight!" or "It Begins!"

  5. The Paperwork

    1. The -1 Cursed Logbook

    2. An Hour Here and an Hour There

  6. The Oral Exam

    1. Flight Plan Review

    2. Them's Mountains Boy

    3. Rules, Regs, Limits, Facts, Figures, Certificates, and Other Fun

    4. Useful Fact #21

  7. Weather Update or "Everyone Knows It's Windy (Except Frank)" or "Any Way the Wind Blows"

  8. Pilot-In-Command or "Mowe Bwiefing"

  9. Preflight Inspection

  10. All Aboard or "First Passenger"

  11. The Flight Test

    1. "Fly and Bee Free"

    2. Engine Start (PleaseOhPleaseOhPleaseOhPlease)

    3. Then the Before Takeoff Checklist

    4. Static Run-Up

    5. Ground control, Tower, and Take-Off

    6. Onward to Lebanon, or "S-Turns Along an Airway"

    7. Cortland, Ho!

    8. Frank in the Hood (IR)

      1. Climbs, Turns, Descents

      2. Recover from Unusual Attitudes

    9. Steep Turns, Poor Returns

    10. Stalls

      1. Power-On (c.f. Show Me How Steep The Nose Attitude Is)

      2. Power-Off

    11. Emergency Descents

    12. The Emergency: Engine Temperature Rising, Rising, Rising

      1. Get Thee To Cortland

      2. Rising, Rising

      3. AWOS (Come Up With A Self-Deprecating Acronym, Like "Frank's An Idiot")

      4. Losing Power, You Want To Enter Where?, Distractions

      5. Rising, Rising

      6. The Landing

        1. "High and Hot"
        2. Forward Slip to a Landing
        3. Touchdown and Taxi-back
    13. The Short-Field/Accuracy Landing

      1. The Box/Target Zone

      2. The Approach

      3. The Realization

      4. Frank's Stream of Consciousness

      5. The Go-Around

    14. The Short-Field/Accuracy Landing (Take II)

      1. The Approach

      2. Stay...On...Target

      3. The Touchdown, or Planting It, or "We Don't Need No Stinking Flair"

    15. The Soft-Field Takeoff

    16. Red-Leader, Return To Base

      1. No Soap, Radio!

    17. Left-Base, Right-Base, THIRD BASE!

    18. The Soft-Field Landing With No Flaps

    19. Taxi In?!?

  12. A Handshake and a Smile

  13. Post-Flight Debriefing and Comments

  14. Is This The End or Just Beginning?


  1. The Preparation

    Two days before the flight exam, I found out the destination for the cross-country flight: Lebanon, NH. I also found the weight of the examiner (195 lbs.).

    1. Two Days Before

      I did the initial weights and balance calculation. Cessna 152s don't have that much "useful load" they can carry, and there's also about 150 lbs of fuel when the tanks are full. The calculations showed that I would be a few pounds over the maximum takeoff weight, which meant that I would have to remove about 1.5 gallons of fuel before the flight to ensure I would be within the limits and, of course, take that into account when computing how far the plane could travel with the (slightly) reduced fuel capacity.

      I determined the course on my chart. It involved only one side of a single chart (the examiner later commented how he must've been soft with respect to that, though the course passes through and near enough airspaces and things to allow a lot of testing in the oral part). I followed the radio navigation beacons (VOR airways or 'victor airways') and marked off check points. Measured off the distances and filled in some of the information on my navigation log. However, actual course headings could not be computed until the "winds aloft" information for the day of the flight became available, which would be the night before at the earliest.

    2. The Night Before

      I stopped by the flying club to do additional research on my course. I looked up every airport that was along or close to the route to find information like runway lengths, special operating rules, etc. I also checked the VORs for additional restrictions (due to terrain obstructions, some of the beacons can't be detected at low altitudes in certain quadrants).

      Then I did the appropriate calculations to determine the course, wind correction angle, magnetic compass deviation in the plane I would be flying and things like that.

      Tried to review a few more regulations. And went to bed. (Fortunately I'm not the sort that loses sleep worrying about things.)

  2. The Start of the Day

    Morning. I call up the Flight Service Station (FSS) and get a weather briefing, to double-double check things. I lucked out. It's a good day, though the following few days were supposed to be pretty bad. I drive to the club.

    I do some initial pre-preflight checks on the plane (30Q), add a quart of oil and (with help) drain a couple of gallons of fuel out of the tanks so it will be within the weight limits.

  3. Meet the Examiner

    The examiner, Tom Collins, arrives a little before 8:30am. He's a very experienced instructor. Currently at Syracuse, and he used to be the chief flight instructor at Cortland, a small field nearby, 12 miles to the northwest (have I mentioned that Lebanon, NH is about 197 miles to the northwest?). I introduce myself, and we go into the back room of the flying club to begin. Upon reflection, it WAS nice that he came to me for the test, so that I was still in familiar surroundings.

  4. The Ground rules or "Fight!" or "It Begins!"

    In the initial briefing, Tom explained how things would proceed. He must check over all my paperwork to make sure it all conforms to the requirements, then there would be the oral exam, and then the practical exam. It was my right to terminate the test at any point, if I wished. It was also his right, too. If it was not in a situation where I was about to fail, then I would be credited for what I had done, and it could be rescheduled and continued. Some example are are physical or mental reasons, fatigue, problems with the plane, etc. Also, I could take a break at any point if I felt I needed to clear my mind, get something to eat, go to the bathroom, etc.

  5. The Paperwork

    The first thing was to review my application form. Make sure it was EXACTLY what the FAA wanted. For example, in the "Have you failed an FAA exam?" I had marked the "NO" box. I had left next the question, "Within the last 30 days?" blank. The FAA requires that to be "NO" as well. (Reminded me of the question, "Yes or no: Have you stopped beating your wife?") There were one or two other points. Then he needed to verify that the hours I specified corresponded to hours that were represented in my logbook.

    I could say "to make a long story short..." but why bother when I can make it even longer ? Hell, I had to endure worse than just reading this.

    1. The -1 Cursed Logbook

      First a little background. A Part 141 Flight School provides flight instruction based on Section 141 of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). Part 61 of the FARs specifies general requirements to become a pilot. Part 141 is generally more restrictive and structured (it describes the facilities that must be provided, the experience of the instructors, the type of ground instruction, requires an FAA approved syllabus and things like that).

      The East Hill Flying Club is a 141 school, and as such has a bag of goodies that new students get that contains all the things they need (e.g., ground school book, FARs, syllabus, Cessna 152 manual, logbook, course plotter, etc.), however as I had already had my ground instruction and passed the written test before coming to Ithaca, it would be a waste of my time and money to go through the entire Part 141 program.

      So I was a Part 61 student, even though I followed the 141 syllabus for everything but the ground instruction (since I had completed that). I didn't get the bag of goodies, since I had most of it. I ordered a syllabus, 152 manual, and was provided with an old, (yea, ancient) logbook that they had. The format/layout of the logbook was different from all of the students in the club. As such, the instructors weren't as diligent in checking that everything had been logged perfectly properly (all hours had been logged, but not completely properly, like "solo cross- country" time had not been also logged in the "solo" column.

      In addition, I had filled out the form at the beginning of the week, and since then I had flown a few more times (in preparation for the test).

      The numbers didn't all add up. I had to fix it.

    2. An Hour Here and an Hour There

      The task was similar to having to balance a checkbook in June that hadn't been balanced since October, had been maintained by a mongoloid chimpanzee (i.e., me), and perform the task while someone takes a pair of tongs that would be used for a BBQ grill, and uses them to slowly, over the course of a half-hour, extract your small intestines out through your butt (and rather than simply grabbing them, the tongs are inserted in your NOSE, sent down your throat, and THROUGH your digestive tract until they can latch onto the end of your small intestine and THEN proceed to snake it out through your butt.

      In all fairness, I am, perhaps, exaggerating somewhat, as Tom wasn't looking over my shoulder the ENTIRE time.

      It took a good 1/2 hour to 45 minutes before I had found all the aberrations and corrected all the times in the logbook and on the form.

  6. The Oral Exam

    With the logbook hell behind me, we could begin the oral exam. Tom said he knew the logbook stuff was extra stress I didn't need and said I should try to relax and put it behind me. The oral portion consisted of going over my proposed flight plan to Lebanon and asking all forms of questions on anything and everything.

    1. Flight Plan Review

      The first thing I did was show him my sectional chart and the course that I had plotted. I went over the checkpoints that I had marked, the cruising altitudes and any special sorts of airspaces that I'd cross or were nearby. We also covered some of the requirements and restrictions on the various airspaces.

    2. Them's Mountains Boy

      Tom pointed out the mountains just west of Lebanon. The Maximum Obstacle Elevation (XXXXX note-get the proper acronym) reflect the altitude of the highest obstacle in a rectangular region on the chart (including a small fudge factor for padding), NOT the minimum safe causing altitude. The mountains were listed as 4600', and my causing altitude was 5500. While it might be legal to fly that low above the mountains, you want to have a couple thousand feet of clearance. 7500' would be more appropriate (note: >3000 above ground level, eastbound VFR has to be at odd-thousands, plus 500 feet, like 3500, 5500, 7500; westbound VFR is at 4500, 6500, 8500, ... etc., hence the altitude constraints). He mentioned that a 152 IS capable of climbing that high, though it might take a long time. Alternatively, I could fly around the mountains if I had to fly lower.

      Most of the preflight planning went fairly smoothly. Only snag was that while I knew that true airspeed would be higher than indicated airspeed, I wasn't sure how to calculate it (in retrospect, it had been covered in the ground school at OSU, but I hadn't used it in over a year and had forgotten).

    3. Rules, Regs, Limits, Facts, Figures, Certificates, and Other Fun

      There were questions involving the airman's certificate, the plane's airworthiness certificate, privileges and limitations. Questions on regulations. I was not sure what was required to be logged once you become a private pilot. As a student, you basically have to log everything. As a private pilot, you basically are only required to log things that you need to document (hours of training if you're going for a new rating, or hours if you need to show that you're current for something (e.g., carrying passengers). Also, aeromedical factors, like hypoxia, symptoms and how to deal with it.

      He asked me about power-on stalls. How steep I thought they were. I know they feel a lot steeper than they are, but I indicated with my hand what I thought the nose pitch attitude would be. He said that, in reality, it's actually lower and described the procedure for a multi- engine power-on stall, where after slowing the plane down, the power is brought back in and the nose is raised just 15 degrees before the plane stalls. I didn't realize that. There was, of course, a good reason behind the basis for my perception which was demonstrated and then explained later on (c.f. power-on stall).

      When I was describing the climbing speed (either for the short-field take off or stall recovery), I said you use the speed "VX." He said, "Ah, you're an engineer" since I had pronounced it as "V-sub-X" instead of just "V-X." My past catches up with me...

      He asked me how the flaps were operated. They are electrically powered and operated by a motor. He asked if I knew where the motor was. I said that I believe it was in the wing. He asked which wing. Recalling a system picture of the plane, I hazarded saying the right one. That was correct, though he showed me the part of the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) where it was specified (Section 7: Systems).

    4. Useful Fact #21

      One question was things to do if a passenger is feeling ill. (Answer: let some fresh air into the cabin, loosen constrictive clothing (i.e., unbutton a collar), have them focus in the distance and get them involved and distracted like helping you look for other traffic in the area.

      Tom then said, "OK, this is not part of the test. What is the single worst thing you can do if a passenger is feeling sick?" The answer is to bring out the barf-bag. Apparently, if someone sees it, that provides an unconscious cue implying that it's ok to hurl. And they will. Usually immediately. Hardly ever in the bag.

  7. Weather Update or "Everyone Knows It's Windy (Except Frank)" or "Any Way the Wind Blows"

    That pretty much concluded the oral part. I requested a break so I could grab something to eat (synthetic cheese/crackers things, just so I'd have some food and wouldn't be hungry). It was now 10:30am, and he told me to obtain updated weather information to ensure that the weather was still good, since my information was now 3 hours out of date.

    I did, and conditions were still favorable. However, the surface were reported as south east, though not strong, and the winds winds aloft (3000') were north westerly. An essential part of flying involves always knowing where the wind is, as you must compensate for it during flight, and during an emergency landing, you want to land into the wind, and that is a factor that affects which field you'd select for such a situation.

  8. Pilot-In-Command or "Mowe Bwiefing"

    Before the actual checkride portion of the test, Tom briefs me on what we will be doing. I'll begin the first part of the cross country flight as planned, though rather than climbing to 5500', we can stop at 3500'. We'll go to the first two checkpoints to ensure things are working, then discontinue that, do some instrument reference (IR) work ("under the hood"), recovery from unusual attitudes, steep turns, stall work, and then do some landings at Cortland, since we'll be in that area. In addition, there can be (simulated) emergencies that occur at any point during the checkride and possibly several of them. I must deal with them as appropriate. He also had me explain how I would perform the maneuvers (e.g., a steep turn is 45 degrees not 60).

    Additionally, under FAR 61.???, I would be flying this flight as "Pilot-In- Command." That means I have sole responsibility for the safety of the flight and that he is, for all intents and purposes, my first passenger. He can fly the plane while I am putting on the hood (for IR work) and will ensure there is no traffic in the area. However, if, due to safety, that he is forced to take control of the plane because I am unable to handle the situation, the checkride is over at that point. With the exception of something completely random and not my fault, like a plane (I believe the word used was "some asshole") not using its radio cutting in front of us on final approach and forces us to swerve to avoid hitting it; apparently something that HAS happened in the past.

  9. Preflight Inspection

    I then proceed to perform the preflight inspection. He occasionally asks me some questions. He asked if the stall-warning horn was a required piece of equipment on the 152. I wasn't sure. I said that it wasn't one of the "7 holy items" on the Day-VFR list, and then added that additionally I would have to check the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) to see if the manufacturer has specified if it is a required or optional piece of equipment. Pretty much that is a correct answer.

    He asks me to guess if I think it is required or not. I guess that it is not. It is. He then points to the Cessna 150 that was sitting next to our plane in the hanger and says, "However, for the 150, it is not required by the POH." He lets that sink in for a moment. The 150 and 152 are very similar planes, yet a piece of equipment is required in one and not required in another. He then adds, "But, there is an Airworthiness Directive [AD] that makes it required in the 150 and requires the pilot to check it prior to flying." [An AD is an FAA regulatory decree concerning the airworthiness of a particular type of plane; each directive usually requires a part that has been determined to be problematic to be replaced or inspected, or in this case, changes its status from "optional" to "required".] So while my answer above was correct, he had shown that it was not complete.

    They say the test is a learning experience. There were many things I learned.

  10. All Aboard or "First Passenger"

    We push the plane, N6230Q, up the ramp and after a pause on the ramp, we board. Cessna 152s are quite small planes. Especially when you have a mini-clipboard on your leg with the navigation log, the chart, a flight computer (a slide rule sort of thing, actually), and the checklists for the plane.

  11. The Flight Test

    The first phase involves everything I would do if I were actually flying VFR (by Visual Flight Rules) to Lebanon, NH.

    1. "Fly and Bee Free"

      Immediately after boarding, we discover there is an additional occupant. A fly. While it shouldn't disturb the max weight or center of gravity calculations, it's an unneeded in-flight distraction that can be dealt with on the ground. Damn thing had a knack for knowing when to crawl into the hard-to-reach recessed areas at the edge of the wind-screen or being too close to a wire that you wouldn't want to risk breaking by smashing the fly. Eventually Tom gets him to crawl onto a piece of paper and releases him. Fortunately, that was the last we saw of the fly. Tom was able to provide enough distractions during the flight.

    2. Engine Start (PleaseOhPleaseOhPleaseOhPlease)

      I go through the Before Starting Engine Checklist.

      Preflight Inspection --
      COMPLETE.
      Passenger Briefing --
      COMPLETE.
      I inform Tom how to fasten and unfasten his seatbelt and how to open the doors. He asks me about when seatbelts are required for him. I manage to eventually say that passengers are required to wear seat belts only during taxi, takeoff and landings (during the rest of the time, they are free to 'move about the cabin' as per the pilot's discretion -- realize that there is no room to move about the cabin, but they could). Crew members must wear seat belts the entire time.
      Seats, Seat Belts, Shoulder Harnesses --
      ADJUST and LOCK.
      Brakes --
      TEST and SET.
      Circuit Breakers --
      CHECK IN.
      Radios and Electrical Equipment --
      OFF.
      Fuel Shutoff Valve --
      ON.
      And now the Starting Engine checklist.
      Prime --
      AS REQUIRED (up to three strokes, none if engine is warm).
      First flight of the day, I use two and hope.
      Carburetor Heat --
      COLD.
      Throttle --
      OPEN 1/2 INCH (CLOSED if engine is warm).
      Mixture --
      RICH.
      Propeller Area --
      CLEAR.
      Master Switch --
      ON.
      At this point, I raise the flaps (I had lowered them to perform the preflight inspection), so I can have good visibility behind the plane before starting the propeller. In the debriefing at the end, Tom commented that raising the flaps before starting puts a load on the battery. Typically, as instructed, we don't do that in the winter, when the battery requirements are worse, but in the summer, with more people around the ramp, the visibility can be helpful.
      Ignition Switch --
      START (release when engine starts). 30Q can be...temperamental. In both starting and shutdown. Fortunately it started pretty easily, caught, and came up to speed.
      Throttle --
      ADJUST for 1000 RPM or less.
      Oil Pressure --
      CHECK.
      Flashing Beacon and Navigation Lights --
      ON as required.
      Radios --
      ON.

    3. Then the Before Takeoff Checklist

      Parking Brakes --
      SET.
      Seats, Seat Belts and Shoulder Harnesses --
      CHECK SECURE.
      Cabin Doors --
      CLOSED and LATCHED.
      Flight Controls --
      FREE and CORRECT.
      Flight Instruments --
      CHECK and SET. I listen to the ATIS (Automated Terminal Information Service) to get the weather conditions on the Ithaca field, and jot down the essential information: WAR ((W)ind direct and speed, the local (A)timeter setting, and the active (R)unway in use), plus the code letter that is used to represent that set of information (A-Z).
      Fuel Quantity --
      CHECK.
      Fuel Shutoff Valve --
      RECHECK ON.
      Mixture --
      RICH (below 3000 feet).
      Elevator Trim --
      SET for takeoff.

    4. Static Run-Up

      I then taxi on the ramp a little so I can point the plane into the wind for the runup.

      Throttle --
      1700 RPM.
      MAGNETOS --
      CHECK (RPM drop should not exceed 125 RPM on either magneto or 50 RPM differential between magnetos).
      Carburetor Heat --
      CHECK (for RPM drop).
      Suction gage --
      CHECK.
      Engine Instruments and Ammeter --
      CHECK.
      Throttle --
      1000 RPM OR LESS.

      Tom asks me what I'm doing and the purpose of the above checks. Also asks what would be the significance of a rise in engine RPM after the initial drop when the carb heat is applied (implies the presence of carburetor ice, which would then be melting).

      Throttle Friction Lock --
      ADJUST.
      Strobe Lights --
      AS DESIRED.
      Radios and Avionics --
      SET.
      Wing Flaps --
      SET for takeoff (see Takeoff checklist).
      Brakes --
      RELEASE.

    5. Ground control, Tower, and Take-Off

      Having finished the pre-takeoff checklist, I can now proceed. I take a breath, I call up the tower:

      Ithaca Ground, Cessna 6230Q on West Ramp with information Sierra, ready to taxi for north east departure.

      Cessna 30Q, Ithaca Ground. Taxi to Runway 14, winds 200 at 4, altimeter 3-0-1-9er.

      Taxi to Runway 14, 30Q.

      I check for traffic on the ramp and proceed towards runway 14. At the end of the runway, I switch to the tower frequency, quickly double check the takeoff checklist now in my lap, and call the tower.

      Ithaca Tower, Cessna 6230Q, ready for takeoff at Runway 14.

      Cessna 30Q, Left turn departure approved, Advise tower when 5 miles from field, cleared for takeoff.

      Cleared for takeoff, 30Q.

      I taxi onto runway 14, quickly (mentally) note the time, turn the transponder from "standby" to "alt", advance the throttle to full, do the final quick check (THOOT: Transponder, Heading (make sure heading indicator matches the runway heading, 140 in this case), Oil Temperature, Oil Pressure, Time Off) and begin the takeoff roll.

    6. Onward to Lebanon, or "S-Turns Along an Airway"

      We proceeded outward, toward Lebanon. The plane climbed slowly. One I got to 500' AGL (Above Ground Level) I initiated the turn to track the outbound VOR radial. I had a shallow intercept angle, so it took a little while, and additionally, I didn't have a good feel for the wind. I did what he referred to in the debriefing as "S-Turns Along an Airway" (a standard maneuver is "S-Turns Around Along a Road"). Basically the course was oscillating along the desired course. He said that I was keeping it within a few degrees (a dot or two on the VOR indicator) so it wasn't too bad, but wasn't dead on either. At some point, we cleared Ithaca's Class D airspace (I was just about to call them to report being 5 miles out (I'm not as familiar with places east of Ithaca) when the tower requested a position report from me. No big deal.

      Cessna November 6230Quebec, report position.

      30Q is now clear to the east.

      Roger, 30Q, frequency change approved, have a good flight. (yeah, as if)

    7. Cortland, Ho!

      We passed over Cortland, the second checkpoint I had planned. I identified it (and the Cortland airport). Tom was satisfied and told me he had the plane and to put on "the hood" and we would do some Instrument Reference (IR) work now.

    8. Frank in the Hood (IR)

      The hood looks like a welder's mask at a 45 degree angle. It prevents the wearer from being about to see outside, only allowing them to see the instruments on the panel. The transition from VR to IR is the trickiest part. It generally takes a couple of minutes to get into the Zen of things, scanning the instruments, and keeping your eyes moving and correcting all of the changes that occur.

      1. Climbs, Turns, Descents

        He simulated my receiving radar vectors, saying, "30Q, turn left, heading 180, descend and maintain 3000" and the like. I don't think it was too bad or that I drifted too far off. But basically you're always making minute adjustments to things.

      2. Recover from Unusual Attitudes

        Recover from unusual or critical attitudes, involves the examiner taking control of the plane and telling me to take my hands and feet off the controls, lower my head and close my eyes and he'll fly the plane and place it in a "unusual attitude." It's either going to be nose low and fast or nose high and slow. Additionally, there's usually some increasing bank angle coming into play. After a bit (10-20 seconds) of him flying, doing stuff, possibly adjusting or changing anything else (the trim, the radio, etc.), he'll say, "OK, your plane."

        You must open your eyes, look at the instruments, determine what the plane is doing and correct it. The airspeed indicator tells you if you're going too fast (pull the throttle to idle) or too slow (apply full power), the attitude indicator shows the bank. You'll need to level the wings so you don't overload them, when correcting for the pitch attitude. We did a couple of those. The last time, he asked me to tell him exactly what he was doing currently. Generally, I try not to pay attention to any feelings I have under the hood, so I'm not used to trying to think about what's going on. I guessed, "a climbing left bank." He asked me to tell him when he stopped banking. At some point, I guessed. Then I had to recover the plane. I honestly have no idea how off my guess was. The moment I opened my eyes, I was thinking about how to fix the plane, not comparing it to what I thought it was doing (I really had no particular image in my mind). Perhaps I should have asked him later.

        That was the end of the instrument reference maneuvers. He takes the plane as I take off the hood. I sort of hit him in the headset/head with the hood as I'm reaching over him to stow it in the back of the plane. "Now, hit your examiner," he says. "Oooops. Hope that didn't cost me."

    9. Steep Turns, Poor Returns

      The next maneuvers are steep turns. I do a "clearing turn" in the area to make sure there is no traffic around. Before the turn, he asked me if I roll out of the turns based on a visual reference or an instrument reference. I didn't understand the question at first. Eventually I did (IR). He then pointed to the altimeter which had gained 200 feet and said, "I just distracted you."

      I rolled into a turn to the left. It was very sloppy. Sometimes at 45 degrees (the proper bank angle) sometimes slipping to 30 degrees. I was also trying to maintain altitude, maintain coordinated use of the rudder and roll out on the proper heading. I've done it much better other times. He has me do a steep turn to the right. That one is better. Perhaps even satisfactory (I have my doubts about the one to the left).

    10. Stalls

      The next set of maneuvers are stalls, both power on and power off.

      1. Power-On (c.f. Show Me How Steep The Nose Attitude Is)

        Before doing the power on stall, I'm establishing a heading I can maintain, and taking a moment to think. He adds, "and of course I know you're going to clear the area of traffic." I HOPE that I would have done that without prompting, but I was still sorting out things in my mind at that time and hadn't got to the clearing turn yet. I clear the area.

        Then I reduce the power to idle, while maintaining the same altitude, which bleeds off airspeed. Once it gets slow enough, I apply full power, bring the nose up, and wait for the stall to happen. I'm looking out at the nose, as that's what I have to watch. The stall must be a "full stall" as opposed to an "imminent stall," there must be an "uncontrolled response" from the plane. The nose drops, and I announce the stall ("There's the stall") and lower the nose to recover.

        I think the recovery was ok. As I was bleeding off airspeed, I had to gradually keep pulling back on the yoke. As I reached for the throttle, I stopped applying backpressure on the yoke and the nose began to lower, which allows the airspeed to increase. So the nose pitch had to be higher in the power-on stall than it would have had I not allowed the airspeed to increase. He told me in the debriefing about this, and that he expected it, since earlier on, I had indicated a pretty high pitch angle required for power-on stalls.

      2. Power-Off

        The power off stall went pretty well. I slowed down, applied full flaps in 10 degree increments, then reduced the throttle to idle and maintained the nose attitude as the airspeed dropped. Watching outside the nose, eventually it dropped. I announced, "There's the stall," applied full power, turning off carburetor heat, and slowly retracted the flaps. He commented that I applied the power a little too fast. The Lycoming engine in the Cessna 152 was sturdy enough to take that sort of thing, but the Continental engine in the Cessna 150 might not take kindly to that sort of fast application of the throttle (and indeed, 06V, our C-150 does require a much gentler application of the throttle). Otherwise it was ok.

    11. Emergency Descents

      He then asked for an emergency descent. I pulled the throttle to idle, dropped full flaps and pushed the yoke down so that we were descending at an airspeed of 85 kts and was turning left to clear the area below and further increase the descent rate. Since our airspeed was already in the safe range to operate the flaps, I didn't need to slow us down when I pulled the throttle to idle. I then leveled out and returned to cruising speed.

    12. The Emergency: Engine Temperature Rising, Rising, Rising

      The next events involved a simulation of an engine emergency. In this case, the engine temperature was rising. He merely said that, though he also told me that he had two legitimate emergencies during tests last week. Such things happen. My biggest problem was failing to get into the "emergency mode" quickly, in which the first priority is to land the plane and the hell with everything else. FAR 91.3 says the Pilot-In- Command has the responsibility and authority for the safety of the flight and as such, can disregard any other regulation if it is for the safety of the flight. I was slow to react. Hopefully I learned something.

      1. Get Thee To Cortland!

        Tom announced that the engine temperature was rising, though the oil pressure was stable. I said a few things that could be done (lower the nose to increase the airflow over the engine to cool it and enrichen the mixture). I had Cortland in sight, and headed there.

      2. Rising, Rising

        He announced that temperature was still rising. I should have taken that as a clue to immediately land. Instead...

      3. AWOS (Come Up With A Self-Deprecating Acronym, Like "Frank's An Idiot")

        I wanted to get the airport information from the AWOS (Automated Weather Observation Station), and then fly a normal traffic pattern. Wasting precious time. He later told me, if you see the engine temperature increasing and it continues to increase, expect the engine to seize up soon.

        Not something you want to fuck around with.

      4. Losing Power, You Want To Enter Where?, Distractions

        As we were getting close, Tom said, "Are you going to be descending into the traffic pattern?" My answer should have been "Hell yes!" but instead I let him distract me and wasted more time.

      5. Rising, Rising

        He starts to retard the throttle, announcing, "You're starting to lose power." By now I had realized the urgency of the situation, and was flying in the pattern, setting up to land.

      6. The Landing

        He then pulls the power, "the engine quit." I go through the standard mantra (carb heat on, mixture rich, fuel shutoff on, trim the plane for 60 kts, both mags, primer in and locked) and start to go for the landing.

        My airspeed control was poor. I should have maintained 60 kts, the best glide speed, but instead I let the speed increase. I was also high. The base leg was short (I didn't want to get too far away from the runway) and I'm high and fast.

        1. "High and Hot"
          I raise the nose, realizing that I need to reduce the speed to the proper approach to landing speed, which also happens to be 60 kts. As I'm turning to the left (ailerons to the left) I realize I'm too high and need to lose altitude. Cortland is half as wide and half as long as Ithaca. I don't have the luxury of a mile of runway to burn up. Fortunately there was a clue in the fact that I was turning to the left.

        2. Forward Slip to a Landing
          Applying full right rudder, I engaged in a forward slip (to the right?). The rudder pulls the nose of the plane to the right, but the ailerons keep it banked and essentially trying to turn to the left. The upshot is that you're flying sideways (20 degrees or so) which causes you to lose a good bit of lift and descend, without increasing your airspeed. We start descending at a good pace. I keep holding the slip, I need to put the plane on the ground. While slipping, I make a brief radio call that we're on final. Tom angrily says, "What're you doing talking? You've got a plane to land!" I focus on getting us safely down. When we drop within 50 feet I release the slip, line up the plane with the runway centerline and set up for the flair and touchdown.

        3. Touchdown and Taxi-back
          We touch down, I dump the flaps (completely retract them) in order to lose lift (don't want to be airborne by accident) and put the weight on the main wheels. I pull back on the yoke to transfer as much weight from the nose wheel to the main wheels and apply the brakes firmly. We stop. We made it.

          We taxi off the runway and slowly taxi back to the end of the runway. He tells me of the things that I did right and wrong. I realize I'm a bit on edge from the whole thing. He says that I managed to "salvage" the landing and that any emergency situation that you can walk away from is ok. However I should not have lost track of the fact that it was an emergency. I should not have worried about the normal procedures during an emergency, and I shouldn't have bothered with the radio.

    13. The Short-Field/Accuracy Landing

      The next landing is an accuracy landing, using a short-field technique. The only difference is that there is assumed to be no obstacle at the end of the runway, while there is in a "pure" short field situation.

      1. The Box/Target Zone

        As we taxi to the end of the runway, he points out a set of lights near the end of the runway. And then another set 200 feet beyond them. He tells me that he wants me to take off and touchdown within that area.

      2. The Approach

        I take off and fly the pattern. I self-announce my positions and intentions as I fly the pattern. While my airspeed control wasn't as bad as last time, it still wasn't great. In addition, I'm STILL high in this approach.

      3. The Realization

        As I'm on a short final approach, I'm slowing down to the short-field approach speed and realize that I'm too high.

      4. Frank's Stream of Consciousness

        At first, the though occurs to me that I should be lower. Then I think that I'm too high. Then I think about adjustments and realize I'm still too high. Around this time, I'm about 200 feet up and less than a quarter-mile from the end of the runway. I can make out the lights well and it finally hits me. Fuck. I simply can not land within the landing zone specified. My position is too far off and I don't have the skills to compensate. There are no options available within the rules of the game. Finally it clicks in my mind...

      5. The Go-Around

        I realize that it's better to try again than to fail, if I know I can't make it. Abort the landing. I increase the throttle to full, turn off the carb heat, and pull up flaps from 30 degrees to 20 degrees and climb. I key the radio and announce to any traffic that I'm doing a "go-around." As we climb out, I say to the examiner, "Well, I think I'm going to have to try that one more time." He tells me that that was an acceptable choice and that as part the test, he has to evaluate me doing a go-around anyway. So I start over again.

    14. The Short-Field/Accuracy Landing (Take II)

      Same situation, same target zone.

      1. The Approach

        This time, I try to play it a little more conservative. I fly a little lower and make the pattern a little longer, giving me more time to react.

      2. Stay...On...Target

        I turn base and then final. I slow the plane and maintain the airspeed with pitch and control the sink rate with power. I'm watching the zone, flying a lower approach. My target is actually 200 before the zone, because the flair burns up a little space. Right before the threshold I add a touch of power. As I cross the threshold I pull it to idle.

      3. The Touchdown, or Planting It, or "We Don't Need No Stinking Flair"

        I cross the zone and I am determined to make it this time. And I do. It was a solid landing, "planting it" on the ground. There wasn't a whole lot of flair going on, but it was acceptable and within the tolerances.

        Taxiing back to the end of the runway, he tells me that it was ok and that, had I not done the go-around the first time, I would have surely missed it and would have failed the test. He later mentioned that I wasn't really using the power properly, adjusting it as needed. I'd tend to set it and keep it at that setting.

    15. The Soft-Field Takeoff

      We taxi to the end of the runway and he tells me to do a soft-field takeoff. The key is to get the nose off the ground quickly, lumber up into ground- effect at a slower than normal airspeed and then lower the nose to stay in ground-effect and increase the airspeed and then climb out.

    16. Red-Leader, Return To Base

      As we climb out, he tells me to return to Ithaca. I use the VOR to get the direction. I tell him that I'll keep it at 2500', since at this point, it's at my discretion.

      1. No Soap, Radio!

        While inbound, he asks me if I could get to Ithaca without a radio. At first I thought he was referring to the radio navigation. However, then I realized he meant without being able to have radio communication established with the control tower. I tell him what the standard procedure is, and he asks me what a steady green light gun signal means (clear to land). He asks if I've ever done it, and while I've seen what the light gun signals look like, I've never actually entered an area and only used light signals.

    17. Left-Base, Right-Base, THIRD BASE!

      He says that's fine, so I get the Ithaca ATIS. Then I call up the tower.

      Ithaca Tower, Cessna 6230Q, 5 miles to the east with information Tango, inbound for the option.

      Cessna 6230Q, enter right base for runway 14, report 2 miles from the field.

      Right base for 14, will report 2 miles out, 30Q

      Now, I semi-mindlessly repeated back everything they said without much thought. I may or may not have been thinking about what happens, when about 20 seconds later Tom asks, "Did you say right or left base?"

      Now, runway 14 heads south-east. And we were east of the field (heading west). That means to turn from base to final, it would be a left turn, not a right turn. I recall saying the word "right." I say to Tom, "Um...you know, I think I said right, let me check with the tower."

      Tower, 30Q is 3 miles to the east. Did you want a right or left base?

      30Q, I'm sorry, I thought you had said you were 5 miles to the west. This will be a left-base. Clear to land.

      Clear to land, 30Q

      I was surprised. Usually the tower doesn't admit to errors on their part. Tom pointed to his notepad and indicated that I had indeed said we were to the east and they had assumed I was to the west. There's some vindication. I should have discovered the error sooner, but I had done the right thing by requesting a clarification from the tower. I don't think that it had been pre-planned...

    18. The Soft-Field Landing With No Flaps

      And having entered a left base leg for runway 14, the examiner tells me to make a soft-field landing. In addition, he informs me that the little flap motor that's in the right wing is no longer working, so it will be a no-flap landing. A no-flap landing is essentially the same as one with flaps but you approach a little faster. A soft-field landing involves applying just a bit of power at the end to reduce the sink rate and then keeping the nose up as long as possible. And with our speed, there was enough elevator effectiveness to keep the nose up for a good bit. You don't want to use the brakes, as a soft-field would have a lot of drag anyway.

    19. Taxi In?!?

      As we're rolling, I was ready to take off. But Tom pointed to the approaching taxiway and said, "exit the runway at taxiway Charlie." My first thoughts were, "Shit! It's over. We're going in. But what did I do wrong? Why is he stopping it now? That landing wasn't too bad. How'd I fuck up?"

  12. A Handshake and a Smile

    But as we cross towards our ramp, he shakes my hand and says, "Congratulations." It finally dawned on me that for the most part, the test was over. I had made it. Not wanting to do anything stupid, I was VERY careful about taxiing in, and shutting down according to the checklist.

    As I pulled the mixture control to idle/cutoff, the engine speed drops, then coughs, the picks up, then drops, then studders, then shudders, the rattles, then revs up, then rattles, then shakes, then revs, and then finally stops. All the time, I am increasing the throttle so as to actually minimize this overdramatic death scene. "Ah," he said, "Now I remember this plane." He went inside and told me he would do the paperwork while I did any post-flight procedures and to join him when I was done.

  13. Post-Flight Debriefing and Comments

    Tom went over the list of comments about my performance. He showed me how to calculate what the Indicated Airspeed should be from the True Airspeed. And he recommended glider training in Elmira. He said after a few lessons, you learn to master control of your airspeed, something with which I had trouble.

    When I asked overall, how I had done, he said that I wasn't "ace of the base" but that it wasn't that bad either. And when I told him I was pleased I had made my self-imposed deadline of learning to fly before I'm 30 by two days, he asked if I was going to get a personalized license plate that said "mid-life." Harumph!

  14. Is This The End or Just Beginning?

    To be honest, it's still slowly sinking in that I now have my pilot's license. I'm allowed to take passengers, I can fly to any destination at my discretion (within certain limits), and require no instructor's approval to fly. The trick is to ease the transition to these things.

    Tom provided me with some advice about taking passengers (he "slipped" at first saying "vic-"), trying to provide a nice, smooth ride so as to make friends and not scare people away. Stalls, steep turns and things like that don't really bother me, however passengers not used to small planes would find such a thing disturbing.

    I need to be checked out in other planes and for night flight. And work on my precision and fly some cross-countries to expand my horizons. Then there's instrument training.

    Who knows what else...

Written by FNA on June 7th, 1996.